What is the adjustable component on a sander used for making angle cuts?

The miter fence is the adjustable component on a sander that is specifically designed for making angle cuts. Its primary function is to help position the workpiece at the desired angle in relation to the sanding surface. By adjusting the miter fence, the user can accurately set the angle to which the workpiece will be sanded, allowing for precision in tasks such as beveling edges or creating specific angles for joints.

While other options like an angle guide or protractor head may also serve to assist with angle measurements, they are typically used in different contexts or with other types of tools. The cutting arm is generally associated with saws rather than sanders. Thus, the miter fence is the most relevant and correct choice for angle cuts specifically in the context of using a sander.